(1.山东政法学院 山东省高校证据鉴识重点实验室，山东 济南 250014；2. 山东政法学院 司法鉴定中心，山东 济南 250014)

摘要 目的：探讨我国当前刑事错案中的常见法医学因素，为刑事案件法医学检验鉴定提供相关指导。方法：收集2000年以来官方公布确认的刑事错案信息，对涉及法医学检验鉴定的案例进行统计，分析现场勘查、实验室检验、物证保管及鉴定结果应用等方面的状况。结果：有65起刑事错案涉及不同程度的法医学因素，以故意杀人、强奸和抢劫案件最为突出。主要表现为现场勘验时忽视重要生物物证的提取，重要物证未进行检验鉴定，物证丢失或来源不明，忽视鉴定意见，以不具有排他性和唯一性的鉴定意见定案，以及鉴定意见存疑或错误等。结论：法医学检验鉴定失误或差错是形成刑事错案的一个重要因素，加强法医学勘验鉴定工作对刑事错案防范具有积极意义。

关键词 刑事错案；法医学；DNA；防范

Factor analysis of forensic medicine in 65 misjudged criminal cases

（Li Xuebo1,2, Zhang Jiangzhong3, Ding Chunli1, Meng Hao1, Yu Xiao-jun2/1.Key Laboratory of Evidence Identification in Universities of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Political Science and Law, Jinan 250014, China；2.Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; 3.Altay Public Security Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Altay 836500, China） 

Abstract Objective To observe the forensic factors of misjudged criminal cases and provide guidance for the forensic appraisal in criminal case. Methods The official confirmed criminal misjudged cases since 2000 were collected. Forensic medicine factors including crime scene investigation, laboratory test, evidence preservation and application of expert opinion were analyzed. Results Sixty-five misjudged criminal cases related to the forensic judicial expertise. Misjudged criminal cases mainly appeared in intentional homicide, rape and robbery cases. Many reasons resulted in the misjudged criminal cases, such as without collection or test the biological material evidence, lost or unidentified the material evidence, ignored the expert opinions, making a decision on ambiguous expert opinion. Conclusion Any negligence or errors in crime scene investigation or medicolegal examination can lead to misjudged criminal cases. Administration need to be strengthened to ensure the quality of the case.

Key words Misjudged criminal cases; forensic medicine; DNA; Preventation 

作为司法诉讼制度的重要组成部分，勘验鉴定环节出现的任何不足或错误均可能造成司法不公，鉴定意见的错误还可直接导致审判错误，严重影响诉讼效率和诉讼质量[1, 2]。法医学鉴定系传统“三大类”鉴定之一，常常为刑事案